Hindu, Greek, Norse, Abrahamic mythologies

 

 

 

Proto-Indo-European and Ancient Egyptian

Around 4500–3000 BC, there was a prehistoric people (likely living near the Pontic–Caspian steppe, Black sea and Caspian sea) who spoke Proto-Indo-European. Their migrated outward in waves over centuries, taking different routes into Europe and Asia:- Indo-Iranian were Persians, Medes, Scythians, Vedic Indians etc. Hellenic were Greeks. Celtic were Celts of western Europe. Germanic were Norse, Anglo-Saxons, Goths etc. Slavic & Baltic were Eastern and Northern Europe. Anatolian were Hittites, Luwians. Tocharian were in Western China’s Tarim Basin. This is why Iranian Aryans, Vedic Aryans, Greeks, and Norse are all distant cousins. It’s possible that Indo-European influence reached Egypt indirectly, but the connection is not as straightforward as a Proto-Indo-European branch. Because Egyptians spoke an Afro-Asiatic language (same broad family as Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew). Mitanni Kingdom (in Syria, 1500 BC) had Indo-Aryan ruling elites who interacted with the Egypt and their royal treaties invoked Vedic gods like Mitra, Varuna, Indra. The early Persians, the Hittites in ancient Turkey and Greeks and Romans also spoke Indo-European language branches and practiced parallel religions.

First connection with India

Dairus-I captured Sindh in 500s BC and Alexander the Great captured Taxila in 300s. Some of the most important gods of modern India were influenced by Central Asian elites of the Kushan (Central Asian Yuezhi, Greco-Bactrian cultural, 1st-3rd cent. AD) Empire.

Sumerian Anki and Vedic Agni

In Mesopotamian literature, from Sumer to Akkad and Assyria, Enki/Ea is the god of the underground Waters. He created the human race to help the gods digging the channels for the release of the rivers. He is the intermediary between the gods and the human beings and generally favors the latter. As the god of sweet waters, he is connected to the rivers, which carry in themselves discernment and judgment. He is at the origin of the flowing of the Tigris and Euphrates, created by his fertilizing power. His abode is the Abzu or Apsû, the underground water. As the god of knowledge, he is the most intelligent and the most expert. Vedic deity Agni is also connected with the waters and with knowledge, and is the link between men and gods. He breathes in the waters (apsû), then becomes a galloping horse and then a swan in his ascending awakening towards the solar world.  He is also the son of the waters and of the trees, sometimes is himself called a tree (vanaspati).
 

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Abrahamic monotheism & Greek pantheism

The afterlife did not hold much importance in Greek mythology because mortals are remembered and rewarded for the good deeds. Although the Underworld or House of Hades was portrayed in Homer’s Odyssey, it was bleak for nearly all of the dead, not necessarily a punishment for those who were evil in life. In Roman mythology, death transformed and allowed mortals to live among the deities. 

Based on Greek and Roman myths, the Underworld is the place where the dead or souls go to stay forever and is under the command of Hades, an Olympian god. Underworld has three different divisions Elysium, Asphodel Fields, and Tartarus. Elysium is the place for the blessed and heroes who can enjoy green lands, music, and entertainments. Asphodel fields is a place of neither wicked nor heroic and is filled with ordinary people. Tartarus is a place where men and women undergo torture and punishments because of their wrong doings. 

Prometheus, a Titan god, created men and gave them the gift of fire but Zeus, the ruler of gods and human, was not happy that men had the power of fire so to counteract the strength that humankind had gotten, he ordered Hephaestus to create the first woman, Pandora. Pandora became the wife of Epimetheus, a Titan god, and in his house, he had a sealed box containing all the evils of the world. Pandora being curious opened the box and all the ills of humanity poured out. Hence, In Classical Mythology women are portrayed manipulative, seductive and the cause of downfall of men. 

We learn from myths that if mortals skipped offering sacrifices before doing something, the gods would become angry. For instance, in Homer’s “Iliad”, when the Greeks built a wall to protect their ships against the Trojans, Poseidon (one Olympian god) reported it to Zeus angrily and Zeus allowed him to destroy the wall when the Greeks leave with their ships. 

For the Greeks believed in one life and so one chance. 

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Hindu & Greek Mythologies

In Hindu and Greek mythologies, there is a God for everything. They also have a specific messenger of God. The word Pitra in Sanskrit. Greek has a similar notation Pater. Similarly Piter in Latin, Patre in Umbrian, Patyros’ in Illyrian. Devas and Asuras are similar to Norse words Aesir and Vanir and Greek Olympians and Titans and Irish Fomor and Tuatha Dé Danann. The words Asura and Æsir are linguistic cognates. 

Trinity
The three main gods are Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva and Zeus (king of Gods), Hades (his realm was the underworld/hell), Poseidon (God of seas). Zeus, Hades and Poseidon respectively rule the heavens, the underworld and the seas. 

Zeus and Indra
Zeus, the God of rains, thunder, sky is the most worshipped God. He is the king of Gods. He carries a thunderbolt. Indra is the God of rains and thunder and he too carries a thunderbolt called Vajra. He is also the king of Gods. Both were considered womanizer. Zeus stays at Mount Olympus and Indra stays at Mount Meru. The ability to control weather and its forms is yet another similarity between the two deities. They both are the personified figures of Gods of rain, lightening and thunder. 

Zeus persuaded Prometheus to create humans for his entertainment and also to have someone populate the world and worship Gods. Prometheus, like Brahma, did not fancy being worshipped and chose to stay closer to human communities, teaching them. There are very few temples of Brahma. Other Gods are pretty proud and egoistic that way.

Zeus’s lovers are Ganymede, Selene, Io, Callisto, Europa, Danae adn others. Indra’s one of many beloved is Ahalya, whom he seduces after taking the form of her husband, Sage Gautama. Zeus seduces Persephone after she becomes the queen of the underworld by assuming the form of her husband and his younger brother, Hades.

Kronos and Kamsa

In Hindu mythology, King Kamsa of Mathura is prognosticated that the eighth child of his sister Devaki will murder him, hearing which, King Kamsa not just detains both Devaki and her significant other Vasudeva, he also goes about efficiently executing every single infant born to his sister, till the eighth - Bhagwan Krishna - is born. Devaki and Vasudeva send Krishna away to a safe place. A grown up Krishna returns to murder his uncle Kamsa. In similar fashion, Kronos becomes aware of a prophecy that he will be overthrown by one of his children. So as to avert this destiny, he starts to swallow each one of his children as soon as they are born. At the point when the sixth kid Zeus is born, Rhea (Kronos wife) devises an arrangement to save the child with the assistance of Kronos' mother Gaia. Rhea gives birth to Zeus on Crete and arranges for him to be brought up in secret. Gaia plans the deception and Rhea wraps a stone (Omphalos stone) in a cloth and gives it to Kronos, who swallows it, thinking it is the baby. Afterwards, Zeus forces him to regurgitate his swallowed siblings (with a special potion prepared by Metis). With his brothers and sisters freed, they wage a great war (the Titanomachy) against Kronos and the Titans. After their victory, Kronos is imprisoned in Tartarus.

King Kamsa sent Putana to breastfeed baby Krishna with poisonous milk. However, the divine baby soon sucked the life out of the demoness. When Hercules was born, Zeus tricked Hera into nursing the infant. But discovering who the baby was, Hera tried to make amends by quickly pulling him away from her breast. Mythology says her milk formed a smear across the sky that can be seen to this day and known as The Milky Way.

In Hindu mythology, Kaliya was the name of a poisonous snake or naga living in the Yamuna river near Vrindavan. The water of the Yamuna became poisonous because of the snake. No bird or beast would go near it and just one solitary Kadamba tree grew on the riverbank. When Krishna playfully swung down a branch of the Kadamba tree, he fell into the river. Kaliya immediately rose up with his numerous hoods, but a fearless Krishna jumped on top of Kaliya's head and danced, the dance being known as Kaliya Mardana. In striking similarity in Greek mythology, Hera sent two serpents to kill baby Hercules as he lay in his cot. However, the baby simply throttled one snake after another, playing with their limp bodies as if they were toys.  

Krishna and Hercules/Achilles
It is said that Greek explorer Megasthenes (4th Cent. BC) took the tale of Lord Krishna from India to Greece, whom he called Heracles. Heracles’ tales then became part of the Greek mythology, with appropriate modifications to fit into Greek environment. However, the earliest known textual mention of Heracles (the Greek hero) appears in Mycenaean Greek tablets written in Linear B script from the 13th-14th century BC. The fully developed character Heracles appears later in Greek epic poetry (works of Homer and Hesiod) during 8th-6th cent. BC but these are oral traditions written down much later. There are no direct references to Heracles in Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey but he does appear in Hesiod’s Theogony and other Homeric Hymns. The picture of Lord Krishna battling the snake
Kaliya can be discovered reflected in the picture of Hercules battling Hydra, a snake with numerous heads.

On the other hand, Krishna and Achilles both died due to arrow shot on them in ankle.

Heracles and Hanuman do have some similarities.  

Karna and Achilles
A demigod, Karna was born to Kunti and the Sun god. Virgin Kunti abandoned the baby. He is brought up by a charioteer, Adhiratha and his wife Radha. Born with a gold-plated armour and earrings that would make him invincible Kshatriya. Achilles leads the Greek army to the gates of victory but falls when a divine arrow shot by Paris, prince of Troy strikes his heel, the only vulnerable part of his body. Both these heroes perhaps fought for honor and glory. Though they have left an indelible mark as legends. They were both the right people in the wrong team. Both of them had a kind of an impenetrable armor which almost made them invincible. Both of them were one of the most skilled warriors in their respective epics. Both of them were requested by their respective mothers not to participate in the war. It was the death of these two warriors that eventually led to the end of both the wars. The lamenting image of Achilles over the dead body of Patroclus resembles closely to the lamenting image of Arjun over the dead body of his son Abhimanyu. Karna is the descendant of the Sun god, while Achilles is the offspring of the sea goddess Thetis. Both face tragic fates due to their weaknesses. For Karna, it is his cursed chariot wheel and for Achilles, it is his heel. During these wars, both lose men who they deeply loved. Following his son Abhimanyu’s death, Arjuna pledges to kill Jayadratha. Following his comrade Patroclus’s death, Achilles pledges to kill Hector.

When the war starts out, Arjuna is unwilling to fight. Similarly, when the Trojan War starts, Achilees does not want to fight. The lamentations of Achilles over the dead body of Patroclus are similar to lamentations of Arjuna over the dead body of his son Abhimanyu. Arjuna laments over the dead body of his son Abhimanyu and pledges to kill Jaydrath the following day. Achilles laments on the dead pody of his brother Patroculus, and pledges to kill Hector the following day. 

Apart from Karna, Achilles has also been compared with Bhisma, as both were born to a water goddess.

Achilles and Duryodhana

Achilles mother, Thetis, had dipped the infant Achilles in the river Styx, holding him by his heel and he became invincible where the waters touched him—that is, everywhere but the areas covered by her thumb and forefinger. In Mahabharata, Gandhari decides to help Duryodhana triumph. Asking him to bathe and enter her tent naked, she prepares to use the great mystic power of her eyes, blind-folded for many years out of respect for her blind husband, to make his body invincible to all attack in every portion. But when Krishna, who is returning after paying the queen a visit, runs into a naked Duryodhana coming to the pavilion, he mockingly rebukes him for his intention to emerge so before his own mother. Knowing of Gandhari’s intentions, Krishna criticizes Duryodhana, who sheepishly covers his groin before entering the tent. When Gandhari’s eyes fall upon Duryodhana, they mystically make each part of his body invincible. She is shocked to see that Duryodhana had covered his groin, which was thus not protected by her mystic power. He got killed due to this body area.

Helen/Persephone and Draupadi/Sita
Helen of Troy has always been portrayed as a seductress who eloped with young Paris, forcing her desolate husband to fight the war of Troy to get her back. This war resulted in the burning of the beautiful city. Helen was held accountable for this annihilation. 

We also hear of Draupadi/Sita being accounted for Mahabharata/Ramayana. Both Sita and Persephone were abducted against their will — Sita by Ravana and Persephone by Hades. The myths also tell of both of them disappearing under the earth, albeit under dissimilar circumstances.

Draupadi, although loves Arjuna, begins to have a soft corner for Karna. Helen, although loves Paris, begins to have a soft corner for Hector, for she knows that Paris is useless and not respected while Hector is the warrior and well respected.

Ares and Murugan 
Ares is the god of war, son of Zeus and Hera. He was not in good terms with Zeus and Hera. He was shown as being in humiliating situations. Ares fought for Hector in Trojan War. His weapon is spear. Murugan is the god of war and son of Shiva and Parvati. Murugan got angry at his parents and went away from home after he was humiliated in a game between him and Ganesha. Murugan fought for Banasura against Krishna and Balarama in the fight for Usha of Tezpur. Usha in Sanskrit means dawn. Helen means shining light. Weapon of Murugan is also a spear.

Skanda known as Subrahmanya rides a peacock and holds a spear close by, is the Hindu God of War. The Greek God of war is Ares, and he carries a similar weapon-a spear.

Ares and Kartik are both the Gods of war and fighting. They both are depicted as warriors, carrying weapons as a sign of inspiration.

Aphrodite and Laxmi
Aphrodite is said to have born from the bubbles formed in sea/ocean when Ouranous’s genitals fell in after he was cut down (like story of Shivalinga). Laxmi shares a different premise but similar birth; she appeared from a disturbance in sea. Both are regarded as goddesses of love and beauty. Lakshmi’s flower, the Lotus is also prominently used to represent the Hindu goddess Rati who represents carnal desires, something right up Aphrodite’s lane.

Hera and Lakshmi
Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth in Indian Mythology, we have Hera, the Goddess of Wealth in Greek Mythology. 

Hephaestus and Vishwakarma 
Hephaestus, god of design and manufacture in the Greek mythological is equivalent of Vishwakarma, serving as the chief engineer and builder of the gods and god of fire, craftsmanship, and invention.

Hades and Yama/Yamraj 
Hades and Yama are two very similar characters. Both of them are the lords of the underground. Both of them are not evil. They just assign a person a place in Hell or Heaven, based on their virtues and vices. Hades is accompanied by Cerberus, while Yama’s dog was known as Shravara, both guard the doors of their respective netherworlds.

God of death- Yamraj is Hades (he was allocated the underworld in a lottery in which Poseidon got the seas). Thanatos is Death just as Mrityu is the goddess of death in Hindu Mythology. The judges of the Underworld (Minos, Rhadamanthus and Aecus) decide whether an individual led a heroic, average or wicked life.  

Icarus and Sampati
The story of Icarus and Daedalus has a parallel story of Jatayu and Sampati. One day when they were flying high in the sky, Jatayu went too close to the sun, so Sampati, in order to save Jatayu, went after him. Although he did save Jatayu but in the process, his own wings got burnt because of the heat of the sun and he fell straight to the ground just like Icarus.

Daedalus made wings for himself and his child using plumes and wax. During their flight towards freedom, Daedalus was believed to have cautioned his child to not go excessively near the sun for the dread of the wax in his wings melting. However, Icarus went so near the sun that his wings fell off and he died. The tale of Icarus and Daedalus can find parallels in the tale of Jatayu and Sampati as described in the Ramayana. 

Hermes and Narada
Both of them act as messengers and both of them are sons of two most powerful Gods in their own respective mythologies. At times, both of them are shrewd and cunning. Both of them are often known to trick and mislead people with their words.  Hermes was the son of Zeus whereas Narada is considered spiritual son of Vishnu. Both are devious figures and have manipulative abilities. Both Hermes and Narada can move between the world of gods.

Narada and Iris are also similar.

Dionysus and Shiva
Dionysus is an offspring of Zeus and Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. Dionysus is closely correlated with sacraments of red sweet wine and the delicacies of bread. Also attested as the God of fertility, Dionysus is a name analogous to nomadic practices and contumacious rage. Shiva is a nomadic ascetic who dwells in the high altitudes of mount kailash. Shiva is also concatenated to liquor or somras consumption. Both Dionysus and Shiva are believed to have two alternating personalities- the benevolent and the malevolent. Greek holy literature personifies Dionysus as a young man with long strands, depicted riding a tiger, which serves as an allegory of Leo constellation (August- September) and Canis major ( April- May) as let the ancient calendar of Greece. Though historians may argue that tigers never existed in ancient Greece but what we cannot deny is the existence of river Tigris in the ancient lands of Olympus. It is believed that Dionysus crossed the river Tigris on the back of a tiger, and thus the great river got its name. Tiger when translated to Greek script is thereby called Tigris. This draws another allegory between Dionysus and Shiva. As in the hindu texts , Lord Shiva is delineated as a vagabond who entered in the lands of Indus riding on the back of a tiger, which is supported by the fact that around 6000-6500 BCE, horses were not yet tamed by humankind. 

Chitragupt and Charos
Chitragupt (in the myth of yama) maintains a record of the soul’s virtues and sins whereas in the myth of Hades, we have Charos (the angle of dead) who rows the would if the dead in his boat over the river Acheron.

Vasuki and Ladon
Serpents hold an important place in both mythologies. In Hinduism, Vasuki is recognized as the ruler of serpents, particularly known for his involvement in the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan). In Greek mythology, Ladon is the serpent that protects the golden apples in the Garden of the Hesperides. Both are portrayed as protectors of something valuable, representing both risk and safeguarding.

Kamadeva and Cupid
The gods of love and desire, both Kamadeva (also known as Manmatha) and Cupid shoot arrows into the hearts of unsuspecting people to make them fall in love. 

Manmatha or Kamadeva revels at shooting flowery arrows at people’s hearts to make them fall in love, so does Cupid (Roman god of love, son of Venus), son of Aphrodite, though it is not known what mysterious substance he dips his arrows into to make a heart long for another.  

Saptarishis and Seven sisters
The Saptharishis are the seven bright stars that can control even the Sun. In Greek mythology, these seven sisters are known as the Pleiades. Just like the Saptarishis, they are also a cluster of stars. According to the ancient Greeks, the Pleiades were seven sisters.

Apsaras and Nymphs
Apsaras are celestial beings celebrated for their beauty and elegance. Nymphs symbolize their captivating counterparts, often associated with the natural world. Both Apsaras and nymphs engage with gods and humans.

Muses and Gandharvas
Muses are the daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne.  A gandharva means a singer in the court of Devatas.

Eros is Kaamdeva. 

Athena’s origin is similar to that of Saraswati. Like Saraswathi, the Goddess of knowledge, in Greek there is Athena, the Goddess of wisdom. 

Akshayapatra is something similar to the Amphora which was blessed by Zeus to be never empty.

Amrit is Ambrosia- food of Gods- a specially blessed honey which in its fermented drinkable form is called nectar. In Greek mythology, the gods consumed Ambrosia and Nectar, considered divine food and drink, respectively, which granted them immortality and eternal youth. In Indian mythology, the gods drank Amrut (also known as Amrita), a divine nectar obtained through the Samudra Manthan (Churning of the Ocean), which bestowed immortality.

The Greeks also had guardian deities just like Kula Devata or Ooridevata. 

Varuna in Vedic tradition and Poseidon in Greek mythology do look similar. Both names may trace back to Proto-Indo-European mythic concepts. Varuna is a sky god, guardian of ṛta (cosmic order), later also associated with the seas. Poseidon is the god of the sea, earthquakes, and horses but his origins may go back to a more general watery/sky deity. Poseidon’s Roman name is Neptune & the planet Neptune is called Varuna in the Hindu mythology.

Helios is the Greek god of light, sun, and warmth. He is often referred to as a handsome god with a radiant aura. In Hindu mythology, there is a god named Surya God who is the son of Kashyapa. Surya is also called the source of life because he provides sunlight and heat necessary for survival. The Greek God Apollo is also the god of light, sun and prophecy. 

Apollo may also be Mitra, the protector. Ganesha may also correspond to Apollo in terms of power and function (protector).

Goddess Rhea is the mother of prominent Gods in Greek mythology such as Zeus & Poseidon. She is the Goddess of motherhood and a symbol of female fertility. The Hindu Goddess Aditi is known to have given birth to several of the prominent Hindu Gods including the mighty Indra & Varuna. On a spiritual side, Aditi is perceived as the unity of all things and the endless expansive nature of pure consciousness or the infinite self.

There are three main Hindu goddesses - Durga, Lakshmi and Saraswati. The Greek goddesses also number three: Hera, Hestia and Demeter.

Devas and Asuras are both supposed to have been fathered by Rishi Kashyap. Olympian Gods and the Titans were both fathered by Kronos.

The themes of incest is also discussed quite regularly in Greek mythology- with Ouranos (Sky) being both the son and also the husband of Gaia (Earth). The chapter Shatapatha Brahmana of Yajur Veda talks about Brahma-Saraswati, where Brahma who created Saraswati, passionately falls in love with her.

Everyone knows about Shikhandi. When our puckish Narada (Hermes in Greek Mythology) is given a lesson in Maya when Vishnu turns him into female and makes him forget everything about himself. He goes on to lead a very blissful marital life and bears King Taladhvaja many children. Lord Ayyappa himself was born from the union of Shiva and Vishnu (in the form of Mohini). The theme about having male and female characteristics (word Hermaphroditus originated from Hermes itself) has shades in the story of Siva- Parvati’s Ardhanarishvara form.

Shikhandi deals with the Hindu (actually Indic belief) that there are more than two genders in mythologies based on rebirth.

Separation by River
The netherworld is separated by river in both mythology. The river Vaitarani in Hindu and river Styx in Greek context. When we look at the sky in the night, the milky way seen is regarded as the river.

Atlantis and Dwarka
Atlantis is a legendary island. It is said that after a failed attempt to invade Athens, Atlantis sank into the ocean in a single day and night of misfortune. In Hindu Mythology, Dwarka, a city built by Vishwakarma on the order of Lord Krishna is supposed to have suffered a similar fate of submersion into the sea after a war among the Yadavas, the descendants of Lord Krishna.

Mount Kailasha and Mount Olympus
Kailasha and Olympus are both real mountains that exist today. Kailasha, the home of Shiva, is described as one of the pillars of the world. Similarly, Olympus is the setting of many Greek myths, and the home of the twelve Olympian gods.

Same weapons
Indra's weapon is Vajrayudha (thunderbolt) and Zeus's weapon is a live streak of lightning in his fist. Poseidon, the second God of the trinity, wields the trident, much like Shiva. Weapon of Murugan and Ares are spears. 

War of Mahabharata/Ramayana and Troy
In Mahabharata the pandavas were exiled for a period of fourteen years, which is synonymous to the Trojan conflict that carried on for fourteen years. The actual war of troy as described by Homer in Iliad went on for fourteen consecutive days, similar is the case of Mahabharata as the war at Kurushetra was fourteen days long. Ram (Rama) was sent to exile for 14 years in Ramayana. The war between Rama and Ravana lasted about 7-13-20 days accoridng to different beliefs. 

Samsara and the Myth of Sisyphus
Samsara, the perpetual cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Greek mythology does not include reincarnation in the same manner, yet the tale of Sisyphus illustrates the idea of endless struggle. Sisyphus is condemned to push a boulder upward eternally, serving as a representation of life’s cyclical nature. Both ideas prompt us to contemplate the human experience and the quest for significance. 

Sacrifice for Creation
Many cultures have stories about divine figures whose death creates an essential part of reality. In Vedic mythology, the Purusha Sukta narrates that all things were made out of the mangled limbs of Purusha, a magnified non-natural man, who was sacrificed by the gods. Similarly, the Chinese myth of Pangu and the Norse myth of Ymir both tell of a cosmic giant who was killed to create the world. Norse gods Odin, Vili and Ve slew the primaeval giant Ymir and created the world from his flesh and bones. A myth from the Wemale of Seram Island, Indonesia, tells of a miraculously-conceived girl named Hainuwele, whose murdered corpse sprouts into the people’s staple food crops.

Centre of the World
Many world mythologies mention a place that sits at the center of the world and acts as a point of contact between different levels of the universe. Vedic India, ancient China, and the ancient Germans all had myths featuring a Cosmic Tree whose branches reach heaven and whose roots reach hell. Mount Meru is a sacred mountain with five peaks in Hindu, Jain and Buddhist cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes. Yggdrasil is the tree connecting the nine worlds in Norse cosmology. In Greek mythology, Omphalos stones are considered to be the navel of the world.

Younger gods defeating older gods
Many cultures have a creation myth in which a group of younger, more civilized gods conquers and/or struggles against a group of older gods who represent the forces of chaos. In Hindu mythology, the younger devas (gods) battle the older asuras (demons). In the Greek myth of the Titanomachy, the Olympian gods defeat the Titans, an older and more primitive divine race, and establish cosmic order. Zeus, king of the Olympian gods fought Cronus, king of the Titans. Similarly, the Celtic gods of life and light struggle against the Fomorians, ancient gods of death and darkness.

There is a god in the Rigveda - Dyaus-pita, Father Sky. Dyaus is the personification of the sky, and the father of Indra, the sun Surya, the Ashvin twins, and the dawn Ushas. His most common epithet is pita, meaning father. Zeus is the lord of the skies, and his name sounds vaguely similar to Dyaus. 

Ushas, the Vedic dawn goddess and Eos, the Greek dawn goddess, between Pan-Hermes and the Indic Pushan, the god of cattle and travellers, between the Dioskuroi twins and the Ashvin twins, between Surya and Helios, between Mithras and Mitra, between the Indic night goddess Nakta (later Ratri) and Greek Nyx, between Gaia and Prithvi (Bhumi) and between Indrani and Hera.

Dog Sarvara that guards the underworld and Cerberus, the king of the gods slaying a huge monster (Zeus slaying Typhon and Indra slaying Vrtra), between the divine Soma and Amrta and the Greek Ambrosia and Nectar, and between the location of Olympos on Mount Olympos and Amaravati on Mount Meru.

The stories of sons raised by single moms, like Bharat by Shakuntala, and Theseus by Aethra are found.

Medusa has snake-like hair. Medusa’s face was shown as ferocious. In modern fantasy art, she was shown as a seductive figure. In South India and Sri Lanka we come upon many masks of folk gods and demons who have snakes for hair.  

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It is beleived by some that the similarities found in Hindu and Greek mytholgies are there becuase at the tiem of battle of Ten Kings, people seprated and inhabited different parts of the world. 

The Battle of Ten Kings also known as the Dasarajna or the War of Ten Kings was a significant conflict in ancient India, detailed in the 7th Mandala of the Rigveda. It involved a Bharata king named Sudas and a confederacy of ten tribes, fought on the banks of the Parushni River (modern Ravi). The battle resulted in Sudas's victory, establishing the Bharatas as a dominant force in the region. Similarly, the Battle of Ten Kings (actually nine, also called the Battle of Siddim) in the Bible refers to the War of the Ten Kings described in Genesis 14, not to a battle in the Book of Revelation. This conflict involved five kings of the Cities of the Plain (including Sodom and Gomorrah) battling against a coalition of four kings led by Chedorlaomer. The Vale of Siddim was the battleground for the cities of the Jordan River plain revolting against Mesopotamian rule. Abraham plays a key role in the aftermath of this battle. There is also a battle of ten kings mentioned in the Rigveda, but this is a separate event and not related to the biblical account.

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Norse mythology

Norse mythology (of the Vikings and medieval inhabitants of Scandinavia around 8th-11th cent. AD) in from Scandinavia region which included Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland (the people of these countries are part of the broader Germanic peoples of ancient times). So Norse mythology is a branch of the wider Germanic mythological tradition. Scandinavian mythology is a broader umbrella including Norse mythology plus other regional myths and folk stories. Norse mythology is the classical Viking age myth system documented mostly in Iceland. 

Sky deity Zeus in Greek paganism, Jupiter in Roman paganism, Thor in Norse paganism and Indra and Dyaus in Hinduism are similar. The Throne of Indra is Indrasana. 

Freyja in Norse paganism, Parvati and her forms as Durga or Devi (Adi Shakti) could be the Vedic counterpart. Cats drawing chariot of hers vs Tiger/lion vahana of Durga. Freya and Joro, goddess of earth would also be Aditi.

Sol (Roman), Sol (Norse), Sul (Celtic), Helios (Greek), and Surya (Vedic) are solar deities. In most of these mythologies, motifs depict the solar deity as riding a chariot that pulls the sun across the sky.

Thunder or storm deities Perun (Slavic), Perkunas (Baltic), and Parjanya (Vedic/Hindu) are similar.

Dagr, God of the day would be Savitr (God of the day and brightness).

Goddess Sol would be Surya and Mithra.

Mitra, Surya and Savitr (Vedic) are combined together in Sanathan Dharm to form a single God Surya.

Jotnars (giants) would be Rakshasas or Asuras. 

Dellinger, the God of dawn would be Usha, Goddess of Dawn.

Tyr, god of war can be Maruts or Vishwaksena.


Odin (in Norse) is the most powerful single eyed father of the Gods like Shiva (Tryambaka — three eyes).
Hel, the Goddess of the underworld and Kali in terms of her fierceness and appearance.
Loki,a malicious & powerful God would be Yama.
Nott, goddess of night would be Varuna
Njord, God of the sea would also be Varuna
Heimdall and Ganesha.
Elves, and Devas
Orcs and Danvas
Valhalla is the Swarg of warriors 
Valkyries are the Apsara
Ragnarok and Pralaya

Vishnu and Thor
Surya and Dagr

Ragnarok from Norse myths and the battle of Kurukshetra from the Indian epic 

Twin founders of civilization or two brothers who birthed civilization. The myth of Romulus and Remus is the story of Rome's foundation. Also called Manu and Yama (Vedic) and Mannus and Ymir (Germanic).

All Indo-European cosmologies speak of a world tree or a tree at the center of the cosmos. It is Yggdrasil in Norse mythology.

The development of a caste system or social order, mainly separating people into warriors, farmers, and laborers/workers and priests. 

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Scandinavia mythology

Edda (meaning grandmother, it is similar to Veda) is the collections of Old Norse poems and prose in a 13th-century manuscript compilation of earlier oral traditions.

It is said that in the beginning of creation the world was frozen covered in ice. Then, the divine cow, Audumbla, the first creature in the universe, appeared and began to lick the ice. With her hot breath and licks she melted the ice revealing Ymir, the first man, encased within. Ymir then drank the milk from the divine cow, as a child does of its mother, for nourishment. Thus mankind had an intimate connection with cows from the dawn of creation. The name Audumbla is generally translated as the wealth of the cow. It is likely related to the same root in the Sanskrit word Audarya, meaning generous or magnanimous.

Hemavan is a ski resort town in Sweden. Hemavan seems a Sanskrit name like Himalayas. In Sanskrit Hema means snow or cold and Van means to possess. 
They had three castes of warriors, farmers and workers.

1. A War in Heavens

 
Eddic – There is a war between the Aesir and the Vanir.

Vedic – There is a war between the Asuras and the Devas.

2. Creation of a Magic Drink

 
Eddic – The Aesir and Vanir declare a truce by spitting into a pot and from this emerged a man. He is subsequently killed and his blood creates the Mead of Poetry granting scholarship.

Vedic – The Asuras and the Devas declare a truce and churn the Ocean of Milk. From the churning of the ocean appears a man carrying a pot containing the Nectar of Immortality granting everlasting life.

3. Theft of a Magic Drink by the King of Heaven

Eddic – Odin steals the Mead of Poetry disguised as an eagle and flies back to heaven. Drops fall from heaven making poets of all who drink it.

Vedic – Indra steals the Soma drink on the back of an eagle and flies back to heaven. In another pastime, drops of the Nectar of Immortality fall to earth marking the four holy sites of the Kumbhamela.

4. Sacrifice of a Cosmic Giant

Eddic – The gods, headed by Odin, sacrifice the giant Ymir to fashion the world. Here is a sample from the Prose Edda: Of Ymir’s flesh was earth created, of his blood the seas, of his bones the hills, of his hair trees and plants, of his skull the heavens and of his brows the gentle powers formed Midgard for the sons of men but of his brains the heavy clouds are all created.

Vedic – The Purusha Sukta in Rigveda 10:90 speaks of the sacrifice of a cosmic giant to fashion the world. Many linguists believe that Ymir is a truncation of the original Yama(Raj). Also, Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 2, Chapter 1, verses 31-34 says: They say that the Vedic hymns are the thought process of the Unlimited One, that His jaws make up Yamaraja, His teeth are His affection and that His smile is the most alluring, unsurpassable material energy. Material creation is only the casting of His glance. Modesty is His upper lip, His chin stands for the hankering, religion is His breast and the path of irreligion is His back. Brahma is His genitals, His testicles are the Mitra-Varunas, His waist the oceans and the stack of His bones are the mountains. His veins are the rivers and the plants and trees are the hairs on the body of the Universal Form, oh King. The air is His omnipotent breathing, the passing of the ages, Time, is His movement and the constant operation of the modes of material nature is His activity. Let me tell you that the hairs on the head of the Supreme Controller are the clouds oh best of the Kurus, and that the intelligence of the Almighty One is the prime cause of the material creation, so one says. His mind, the reservoir of all changes, is known as the moon.”

5. Creation of a Caste System

 
Eddic – A progenitor of mankind named Rig (often identified with Heimdall) establishes three castes of warriors, farmers, workers. Heimdall has multiple mothers, is purest white, has extraordinary hearing, is ever watchful, has golden teeth, and guides humanity.

Vedic – There are four castes of warriors, farmers, workers and priests. It would appear that Scandinavian society lost the priestly order. In the Rig Veda the god Agni also has multiple mothers, is pure white, has extraordinary hearing, is ever watchful, has golden teeth, and guides humanity.

6. Demons Attack the Bringers of Light

Eddic – The Sun goddess Sol and Moon god Mani are chased by the demon wolves Skoll (Treachery) and Hati Hroovitnisson (He Who Hates) across the sky and swallowed.

Vedic – The Sun god Surya and the Moon god Soma are chased by the demon serpents Rahu (the Seizer) and Ketu (the Enemy) across the sky and swallowed resulting in the eclipses.

7. The World Tree

Eddic – The World Tree is an Ash tree named Yggdrasil. The meaning of Yggdrasil is The Terrrible One’s Horse. Odin hung on this tree, wounded by a spear, for nine nights to learn the mystic secrets of the Runes.

Vedic – The World Tree is the Ashvattha tree. The meaning of Ashvattha is Where the horse stands. This is also known as the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha sat to attain enlightenment.

8. The End of the Age

 
Eddic – At the end of the Age there is a great battle called Ragnarok which leads to the total annihilation of the old order. The Poetic Eddas inform us: 540 gates has Valhalla, 800 Einherjar (warriors) go through each door, when they go off to fight against the Wolf (means 540X800= 432000 Warriors).

Vedic – The Age of Kali Yuga is 432,000 years after which a great destruction occurs.

Father is Fadir in Scandinavian and Pitar in Sanskrit. 
Mother is Mor and Matar 
Son is Son and Sunus
Daughter is Dotter and Duhitr (Dokhtar in Persian)
Brother is Bror and Bratarau
Sister is Syster and Sodarya

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Slavic Religion 

Slavs (5th-9th cent. AD) Slavic Religion were the people who live in Eastern & Central Europe and Central & North Asia which include Macedonians, Russians, Poles (Poland), Czechs, Serbs, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Bosnians etc.

Swarog or Svarog is the Slavic sun and fire god. 

Svarga is heaven in Slavic . In Sanskrit, Svarga is heaven too.

Rod - Scholars believe that a much older name represents him instead – Rudra, which sounds like the word used for the most ancient Slavic god – Rod, who was the primordial god, creator of the universe. The origin of the word red (English) or rot (German) probably comes from the primordial adoration of the god of fire, most likely a deity like Slavic Rod, Hindu Agni or Rudra. The Sanskrit word rakta – English red (rudy in Czech, rouge in French, rojo in Spanish). The origin of the word red most probably dwells in fire, which had been adored and personified by all ancient and tribal cultures.

Ziwa - Shiva’s attributes are materialized in a Slavic female deity called Siwa, Ziva or Zivena, a goddess of fertility and love. Ziva in Sanskrit means the one who is kind. Lingam is a Hindu (Shiva’s) symbol for fertility – the same dimension that ancient Slavs attributed to Ziva.

Zora - Vedic god Surya has his Slavic equivalent in goddess of beauty – Zora, Zarya or Zori. There is also the word Zorya, which identifies less important goddesses – Slavic guardians of the dawn but connection to the sun is indisputable.

Trigalv - Triglav is a Slavic word for god with three heads, almost identical to Hindu Tridev or Trimurti. The oldest meaning of the word Triglav characterized three deities – Svarog, Perun and Dazhdbog. However, Veles or Svantovit later replaced Dazhdbog. Triglav has its Hindu equivalent in Brahma (with three heads) or Dattatreya – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva in one, an incarnation of Trimurti. 

Slavonic Svastika - Hindus use svastika as a symbol of good luck. Boreyko coat of arms is the symbol of svastika pointing to the left, it had been used in Poland. Svastika can also be found in symbolism of Svarog.

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Lithuania

In Lithuania, there is a motif of two horse heads. Traditionally, the people of Lithuania worshipped the Asvieniai, the divine horse twins, related to the goddess Usinis. They are said to pull the Sun Chariot through the sky. The Lithuanian people continue to adorn their roof tops with the symbol of the divine horse twins in order to receive protection for the household. In India the complete Vedic tradition has been preserved. There the divine horse twins are known as the Ashvins, the children of the Sun god Surya, who are summoned by the goddess Ushas (morning dawn) and appear as the morning and evening sunlight. They are often known as Nasatya (Kind, Helpful) and Dasra (Enlightened Giving).

•Asva(Lithuanian), Ashva(Sanskrit) meaning horse
•Dievas (Lithuanian), Devas (Sanskrit) meaning gods, the shining ones
•Dumas (Lithuanian), Dhumas(Sanskrit) meaning smoke
•Sunus (Lithuanian), Sunus(Sanskrit) meaning son
•Vyras(Lithuanian), Viras(Sanskrit) meaning man
•Padas(Lithuanian), Padas(Sanskrit) meaning sole of the foot
•Ugnis(Lithuanian), Agnis(Sanskrit) meaning fire
•Vilkas(Lithuanian)=Vrkas(Sanskrit) meaning wolf
•Ratas(Lithuanian), Rathas(Sanskrit) meaning carriage
•Senis(Lithuanian), Sanas(Sanskrit) meaning old
•Dantis(Lithuanian), Dantas(Sanskrit) meaning teeth
•Naktis(Lithuanian),Naktis(Sanskrit) meaning night

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Celtic Religion 

Ancient Celtic religion or paganism was the religion of the ancient Celtic peoples of Europe and Anatolia. It was a group of polytheistic Indo-European religions of Iron Age  (12th-5th Cent. BC). 

Celtic and Greek Pagans buried their dead more often than cremating them.

Among the Celts, the wild boar and the bear symbolise respectively spiritual authority and temporal power, the two castes of the Druids and Knights, the equivalents of the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas. The symbol of the boar by Hindu tradition affirmed expressly in the Veda. The boar (Varaha) represents the third of the 10 Avataras of Vishnu.

Celtic gods are called Deuos. The Druidic order into Celtic society injected a more pantheistic view of deities. 

Reincarnation was an accepted fact among the Celts, who also tended to worship their ancestor, to be reborn. The Gaelic term for soul is Anam.

Celtic earth realm is called Bitus. Vedic earth world is called Bhu.
Celtic Gods are called Deuos meaning shining one. Gods of Vedas are invoked as Deva meaning shining one.
Celtic God of thunder was Taranus who carried thunderbolts. Vedic God of rain and thunder was Indra who carried thunderbolts.
God of fire is Aedh (pronounced uh-ee) meaning fire. Vedic God of fire is Agni, meaning fire.
The sun Deity is Sulios. The solar Being is Surya.
The Celtic word for invocation is Gutuater. The Sanskrit term for invocation is Hotar.

Celtic society was divided into 3 hierarchical classes of life: priests, warriors and producers (inclusive of merchants). Druids advised warrior-kings known as Rix. Vedic society divided into 4 hierarchical castes: priests, warriors, merchants, workers. Brahmins counseled warrior-kings (Rajas).

Celts recognized 8 forms of marriage from arranged to love to abduction. A bride gift was given by the groom. Vedic Hindus followed 8 forms of marriage from arranged to love to abduction. The groom paid a bride price.

The central Celtic ritual was the fire sacrifice, conducted in geometric pits with offerings of herbs, mead and flour cakes, conducted by chanting druids, the Celtic priests. The central Vedic ritual was the fire sacrifice, performed in geometric pits with offerings of ghee, spices, rice-conducted by hymn-and-mantra-chanting brahmins.

Lug and Indra: Both gods are associated with the Sun and light. Lugh becomes the leader of the Tuatha De Danann for just 13 days when he takes over from Nuada of the Silver Hand, while Indra only proves himself in the eyes of his peers when he defeats the dragon Vrtra. Indra is associated with the bull symbol reminiscent of the famous Irish epic An Tain Bo Cuailgne The Cattle Raid Of Cooley, from which today’s Bru na Boinne or Boyne Valley gets its name. The symbolism of the bull in terms of the sun and moon is common to most Indo-European and Hebraic cultures but it is at this point that one can begin to detect the significant of Yeats’ mention of the Boyne Valley in the context of the orient. The Irish Bo meaning cow or bull is cognate with Latin Bos and Greek Bous. The root of this word approximates to the Sanskrit Gauh which mutated into cow, Kuh and Krowa in Germanic and Slavic languages, while the Sanskrit Ga was replaced by Bo in the Celtic and Italic tongues. However, in both instances what we have is a pre-Indo-European symbol appearing in both the Celtic and Vedic cultures, showing how they both incorporated and subsumed symbols of a previous culture. Boand was also an Irish goddess of fertility represented in the form of a cow.

Stonehenge: A sacred site by the Druids, these massive stone monoliths are three stories high and arranged in a circle to form a perfect solar calendar, many with blocks placed on top of them. Indian cosmogonic and astronomical systems, while developing independently of western systems, bear remarkable affinities with the latter. The calculation of the year in both systems are very similar. The Arya Siddhanta and Rajamriganka systems are in use even today.

•Sanskrit: Arya (freeman)
Old Irish: Aire (Noble)
•Sanskrit: Naib (good)
Old Irish: Noeib (holy)
•Sanskrit: Badhira (deaf)
Old Irish Bodhar (deaf)
•Sanskrit: Minda (physical defect)
Old Irish: Menda (a stammerer)

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Druidism  

Druidism (around 800 BC) was the religious and cultural practice of the Druids, who were the priestly and intellectual class among the ancient Celts in Gaul (France, Britain and Ireland). The Druids were not simply priesthood. They were the intellectual caste of ancient Celtic society, incorporating all the professions like judges, lawyers, medical doctors, ambassadors, historians just as Brahmins. Only Roman and later Christian propaganda turned them into Shamans, Wizards and Magicians. The scholars of the Greek Alexandrian school clearly described them as a parallel caste to the brahmins of Vedic society. Druidry is the modern nature-based spirituality or movement rooted in the ancient Celtic traditions but it's not a direct continuation of those past practices. Celtic Druid practiced and trained for nearly twenty years and since most of their teachings are Oral, they didn’t survive. 
 

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Azerbaijan  

Beyond the historical accounts of Snorri, the linguistic similarity between Aesir and Azer, as well as the rock carvings of boats, it is interesting that Azerbaijan sits on the Caspian sea. According to Vedic tradition, the Caspian sea was where Kasyapa Muni, one of the progenitors of mankind, and the father of both the Asuras and Devas, had his hermitage.

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•Divine Father:- 
Vedic: Dyaus Pitr
Greek: Zeus Pater
Illyrian : Dei-Patrous
Roman : Jupiter (Djous Pater) 
Scythian :Papaios for Zeus
Palaic: Tiyas Papaz

•Divine Twins: They also worshipped divine twins symbolized by horses.
Vedic: Divo Napata (the Asvins) 
Lithuanian: Dievo Suneliai (the Asveiniai) 
Latvian: Dieva Deli
Greek: Dios-Kouroi (Castor and Pollux) 
Celtic: Dioskouroi

•Asva in both Sanskrit and Lithuanian mean horse.
Vedic: Asvins
Lithuanian: Asveiniai 

•Thunder god or Indradev. 
Indra/Parjanya (Vedic) 
Indra (Avestan)
Thor (Germanic) 
Tarḫunna (Hittite)
Taranis (Celtic)
Perun (Slavic)
Perkunas (Baltic)
The Thunder god vs Serpent myth can be found in all these cultures.

•Devas: The Vedic scriptures praises supernatural beings Devas. Most Indo Europeans mythologies do the same but only Avestan mythology considers Daevas as bad and Asuras as good.
Deva (Vedic)
Deus (Latin)
Daeva (Avestan)
Dia(Irish)
Dievas (Lithuanians)
Deuos (Celtic)

•The primordial supreme god in the Baltic mythology is called Dievas:
Lithuanian - Dievas
Latvian - Dievs
Latgalian - Divs
Prussian - Deiws
Yotvingian - Deivaswas

Sankrit: Devas

•Sun god:- 
Vedic - Surya
Roman - Sol
Norse - Sol
Lithuanian- Saule.

•Goddess of Dawn: The name of Vedic Goddess of dawn Usas is a cognate with Eos and Eostre. Eostre later became Easter. The Easter festival was originally a pagan festival.
Usas (Vedic)
Eos (Greek)
Aurora (Roman)
Aushrine (Baltic)
Auseklis (Latvian)

•God of Sky:- 
Varuna (Vedic)
Ouranous/ Uranus (Greek)
Odinn/ Wodan (Germanic)

•God of meeting, marriages, journeys, roads, and the feeding of cattle :
Pusan (Vedic)
Pan (Greek)
Faun (Roman)
Vanir (Germanic)

•Goddess of River:- 
Danu (Vedic). In Vedic culture, she is the mother of the serpent Vritra (who was slayed by Indra).
Danu (Irish). River Danube is named after her.

•God of waters:
Apam Napat (Vedic)
Apam Napat (Avestan)
Neptunus (Roman)
Nechtain (Celtic)

•Other deities or divine beings in Rigveda and their Indo European counterparts:
Yama (Vedic)
Yima (Avestan)
Ymir (Germanic)

•Sarvara (Vedic)
Kerberos (Greek) 

•Sri (Vedic)
Ceres (Greek)
Freyr/Freya (Germanic) 

•Bhaga (Vedic)
Baga (Avestan)
Bog (Slavic)

•Asura (Vedic)
Aesir (Germanic)
Ahura (Avestan) 

•Traitana (Vedic)
Thraetaona (Avestan)
Triton (Greek)

•Aryaman (Vedic)
Airyaman (Avestan)
Ariomanus/Eremon (Celtic)

•Yagnas:- The Vedic sacrificial rituals called Yagnas share close similarities with the Avestan Yasna and also with the rituals of Celtic sacrifices. The Celtic word for invocation is Gutuater. Avestan word for it is Zautar, Vedic Sanskrit word for it is Hotar.

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 Egyptian Mythology

Egyptian Mythology start from 3100 BC. Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text consisting of magic spells to assist a dead person's journey through the Duat or underworld and into the afterlife. This Books was in used from 1500-50 BC and written by many priests over a period of about 1000 years.

In ancient Egypt, Ra (the sun god), Osiris (god of the afterlife) and Isis (goddess of magic and motherhood) were the 3 main gods. 

The follwoing were the god or godesses:-

Amun and Amunet were primordial gods in Ancient Egyptian mythology.

Atum, the creator god is responsible for bringing himself into existence and giving rise to the world and other deities.

Mut is described as queen of the goddesses, mother of the gods, lady of heaven and She is who gives birth.

Khonsu is the originator of moon and represents solace and satisfaction. His complexion is white and fair just like the moon.

Khnum is referred to as father of the fathers, He fathered many gods and goddesses because he was believed to have molded humankind and other gods on his potter's wheel.

Anzu bird, a formidable creature in Mesopotamian mythology, is depicted as a lion-headed eagle with ties to primordial waters and weather phenomena.

Apis was a sacred bull and an embodiment of the god Ptah. He was associated with fertility, death and the underworld and was considered an intermediary between humans and other deities.

The goddess Renenutet often appeared in the form of a hooded cobra.

Geb is the ancient god of the earth, depicted as a man lying down, with the sky goddess Nut arched above him. Geb is the son of Shu and Tefnut, and the husband and brother of Nut. He is also the father of Osiris, Isis, Nephthys and Set.

Horus (sky god and protector of the Pharaoh)

Anubis (god of mummification and the dead)

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Similarities with Islam

They believed in the continuation of life after death and emphasized burial practices, including mummification, to preserve the body for the journey to the afterlife.

Apophis or Apep was a serpent deity, the embodiment of chaos, darkness and destruction. He was the archenemy of the sun god Ra, constantly battling him in the underworld.  

Nu or Nun is a primordial deity representing the watery abyss from which the universe was created. He is considered the god of the chaotic waters before creation and embodies the formless, infinite potential from which everything emerged. Nu is also associated with the potential for destruction, as the universe is believed to eventually return to his waters.

Seth is a male animal-headed god of darkness, defeated by Horus to the gods’ and mortals’ delight. Seth comes in many different forms of animals and is depicted with an unknown animal head.

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First coded law of humanity 

The Code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest codes created around 1754 BC by King Hammurabi, who ruled Babylon (in Mesopotamia, now Iraq), came slightly after Prophet Abraham (around 2000–1800 BC) who also lived in Ur  — the same cultural region. Hammurabi claimed the laws were given to him by the god Shamash. A set of 282 laws carved on a stone pillar and clay tablets in the Akkadian language, designed to govern daily life, ensuring justice, social order, and protection of the weak. The main feature of the Laws is “Eye for an eye” principle".  Main Gods Hammurabi Worshipped:- Marduk — The chief god of Babylon, associated with creation and justice.{Shamash — The sun god and god of justice. Ishtar (Inanna) — Goddess of love, fertility, and war. Anu — God of the sky, father of the gods. Enlil — God of wind and authority. Ea (Enki) — God of wisdom and fresh water. 

 

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Similarities with Hindu Gods & Vedic concepts

Both the Egyptian and Hindu pantheons have animal gods.

 
Like Vishnu, Horus is the god of the sky, kingship, healing, and protection. He is often depicted as a falcon or a falcon headed man, wearing the pschent, a solar deity and a relationship to kingship and rebirth.

Like Brahma, Nefertem himself emerged from the blue lotus that grew from the primordial waters, symbolizing the first sunlight and beauty.

Like Brahma is the creator god and Prajapati, Ptah is the creator god, both being associated with creation from thought and word and the imagery of a lotus.

Like Surya, Ra was the god of the sun. He was also called Re and by various other names.

Like Saraswati, Seshat was the ancient Egyptian idea of knowledge and speech personified as a goddess.

Like Yama, Osiris is the ancient Egyptian god of the underworld, resurrection, and fertility.

Like Matsya (incarnation of Vishnu), Hatmehit was an ancient Egyptian fish goddess, particularly worshipped in the city of Mendes in the Nile Delta. Her name translates to Foremost of the fish.

Like Hanuman, Babi or Baba in ancient Egypt was the monkey god literally means the chief of the monkeys or baboons. 

Like Narsihma, Sakhet is a variant spelling for Sekhmet, the ancient Egyptian lion-headed goddess of war, plagues, healing, and fire.
 
Kala Bhairava, Anubis is related to death, protection, and the afterlife.

Sphinx is like Narasimha (Man Lion), incarnation of Vishnu, who killed the father and family of the Rishi Prahlada who appears to have been Indra.

Like Rtu, Maat, a goddess and the principle of cosmic balance and harmony, represented truth, order and justice. The Pharaoh was responsible for maintaining Maat to ensure prosperity and stability in the kingdom.

A hierarchical social structure did exist in Egypt, topped by the pharaoh, followed by nobles, clergy, scribes, and then soldiers, artisans, merchants, peasants, and slaves. In India, four primary castes or Varnas— Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras (laborers) — with an outcast group of Untouchables existed.

In India, Yaksha figures often depicted as corpulent or dwarf-like, were popular in the 2nd century BC and beyond, with examples found in caves and as cult images. In Egypt, the god Bes, depicted as a deformed dwarf, was prominent around the 3rd century BC and later. Yakshas being associated with nature spirits and sometimes deities, while Bes was a protector of homes, women, and childbirth

Osiris was called as Asar in Egypt which meant Throne or Royal Seat. This appears related to Vedic Asur, which is a common term for Vedic Gods meaning Mighty and Ruling breath.

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Similariteis with Hinduism and Greek

Indra, Zeus and Ra were the most revered 3 deities incarnated in the ancient world.

Yama, Hades and Osiris
Yama is the Hindu god who cares for the dead. Hades is arguably the most well-known deity connected to the underworld in Greek mythology.
In Egyptian mythology, Osiris rules over the afterlife and represents the cycle of life, death, and rebirth.

Arjun, Achilles and Horus (Krishna/Noah's son)
Osiris, the king of Egypt, brought peace and prosperity with his wife, Isis, the goddess of magic. Osiris’s younger brother, Set, was jealous of him. Set was the god of storms, deserts, chaos and he wanted the throne for himself. One day, Set came up with a plan. He built a beautiful wooden chest. Set claimed that anyone who fit perfectly in the chest could keep it. Osiris tried it and when he lay down inside, Set slammed the lid shut. Set threw the chest into the Nile River where it floated far away. Isis searched everywhere until she finally found the chest with Osiris’s body. But before she could bring him back to life, Set found out. So he tore Osiris’s body into many pieces and scattered them across Egypt. Isis searched again and collected all the pieces of Osiris. With the help of her magic, she brought him back to life just long enough to have a son named Horus. Osiris then became the god of the afterlife, ruling over the dead. Isis knew Set would try to harm Horus to keep the throne, so she hid her son in the marshes of the Nile Delta. She raised him in secret, protecting him from Set. Over time, Horus grew strong to reclaim his father’s throne. Horus finally confronted Set. They fought many epic battles, which lasted for years. They clashed in fierce battles across the desert, on boats in the Nile, and even in the form of different animals, like hippos. In one of the fights, Set injured Horus’s left eye badly. The god Thoth, who was known for his wisdom, healed Horus’s eye, which then became known as the Eye of Horus. This eye became a symbol of protection and healing for Egyptians. After years of fighting, the gods finally decided to hold a meeting to settle the dispute. The sun god Ra, along with other important gods, gathered to hear both Horus’s and Set’s sides of the story. Isis spoke on behalf of Horus and with her cleverness, she convinced the gods that Horus should be king because he was the rightful heir of Osiris. The council agreed and Horus was given the throne of Egypt. Set was defeated and in some stories, he was sent to live in the desert, where he ruled over storms and chaos but could no longer harm Egypt. Horus brought peace and prosperity back, just as his father. Egyptians believed that each new pharaoh or king was the living Horus on Earth, chosen to protect the land and the people.

Indra, Zeus and Ra
One of the most revered gods was Ra. All other gods and mankind were created by him, and he was the sun god. Beginning about 2600 BC. Ra was shown as a man with a hawk's head in artwork. His portrayals varied substantially. Other names for the sun god Ra included Re, Pra, Raet-Tawy (a female form of Ra), and even Atun. Anyone who knew Ra's hidden name might use it to control him. The world's creation marks the beginning of the Ra story. Ra, also known as Nun was said to have arisen from the primordial seas of chaos. After creating himself, he gave birth to Tefnut (moisture) and Shu (air), the first gods. The world was completed by these gods producing Geb (earth) and Nut (sky). During the day, Ra was said to deliver light to the world by moving across the sky in his solar boat. At night, he wandered through the underworld, fighting off evil forces to ensure the sun would rise again. This daily cycle represented the everlasting scuffle between order and chaos. The Eye of Ra is a potent emblem connected to the god. It stands for his ability to provide protection. It was thought that the Eye kept watch over the globe, protecting it from harm. The Eye of Ra is personified in certain mythologies as a goddess who may act on Ra's behalf, such as Hathor or Sekhmet. The Eye of Ra may assume the shape of a snake or a lioness. Ra fights the serpent Apophis, the symbol of chaos, every night. Because of this battle, the sun rises every day, signifying the victory of order over chaos. Ra's nightly voyage through the underworld is about defending the world from the forces of Apophis. 

Trickster god, mother goddess or sun god. 
Trickster Gods like Loki (Norse), Hermes (Greek), and Krishna in some stories from Hindu mythology share trickster qualities, using cleverness and wit to deceive or manipulate others for various reasons. 

Ares (Greek), Kartikeya (Hindu) and Montu (Egyptian) are all gods associated with war and combat. 

Gaia (Greek), Prithvi (Hindu) and Isis (Egyptian) are mother goddesses associated with nurturing, creation and fertility.

Helios (Greek), Surya (Hindu) and Ra (Egyptian) are all gods associated with the sun, often depicted riding chariots or boats across the sky.

Isis, the goddess of magic, motherhood, and resurrection is often cited as the closest parallel to Persephone. Osiris, the god of the afterlife and resurrection also shares connections with Persephone and Hades.

 

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Similarites between Jesus & Pagan Gods

Jesus has some striking similarities of surface-level with the mythological figures Mithra (Persian), Dionysus (Greek) and Horus (Egyptian). Jesus was called Christ (Greek: Anointed one).

Mithra/Mitra first appeared in ancient Persian religion (Zoroastrianism) as a god, but later, the Roman Mithraic cult (1st–4th cent. CE) developed him into a savior figure. He was cosnidered to bhe born around Dec 25 (in Roman Mithraism) from a virgin (or from a rock symbolizing purity), attended by shepherds at birth, had a last supper with his followers and died & resurrected. These parallels are believed to be come from later Roman Mithraism (after Jesus), not the older Persian version.

Dionysus, a Greek God was considered to be born of a divine father (Zeus) and mortal mother (Semele), died and resurrected (reborn from Zeus’ thigh), turned water into wine in some stories, his followers symbolically ate his body and drank his blood (in ritual wine). 

Horus, a Egyptian (2500 BC) was considered to be born of a virgin (Isis resurrected Osiris and conceived miraculously), his birth was announced by a star, visited by wise men, baptized in river by Anup (similar to John). He had 12 disciples, healed the sick. He was killed,  dismembered, scattered, then entombed and resurrected by Isis. He became ruler of afterlife underworld. He was called “KRST” (anointed one) in some late texts.

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Hindu & Pre-Arabia Deiities

मुहम्मद साहब के समय में और उनसे पहले से पूजे जा रहे बुत: लात, मनात, उज्जा.

हजरत नूह के समय में पूजे जा रहे बुत: वद्द (वासुदेव), सुवा (शिव), यगुस (यज्ञेश), यूउक़ (यक्ष), नस्र (नक्षत्र).  

 

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Many gods and goddesses of ancient Egypt share notable similarities with those of Mesopotamia, India, Persia, ancient Europe (Greek, Norse etc), the Far East (Chinese, Japanese), and even Pre-Islamic Arabia. These resemblances may be the result of traditions borrowing from or influencing one another to varying degrees. These mythologies sometimes seem like different keys to a single lock, and many contain concepts similar to those in Islam, but expressed in pantheon form. Perhaps they were altered at some point in the distant past.