The Scriptures of Christians, Jews, Parsis & Abrahimic traditions.

An Introduction to the Scriptures of Christians, Jews, Parsis and Abrahimic traditions.

● The Bible: It is composed of total 66 Books and it has two sections:-

(I) New Testament: It's written in Greek language and is basically a Christian text. It has 4 Gospels i.e. Gospel of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. It also includes several Epistles, the Acts of Apostles and the Book of Revelation. The New Testament has total 27 Books.

(II) Old Testament: It is known as Old Testament by the Christians.  It has 39 books as per the Protestants, 46 as per the Catholics and 49 as per the Orthodox Christians. 

It is known as the Tanakh by the Jews and as the Hebrew Bible by the common men. The Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible has 24 books as per Jews.

The Old Testament has a few books in Greek language. These books are called the Deuterocanonical which includes the Book of Solomen and the Apocryph which includes the Book of Wisdom. The Deuterocanonical and the Apocryph are considered a part of the Old Testament by the Christians but not by the Jews. Some books are longer in the Catholic versions than in the Protestant ones.

The Tankah is divided in 3 parts:-

(1) Torah (means Law, Teachings): It is called by various names such as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses or the First Five Books of Bible. It is in Hebrew language. It consists five books i.e. Book of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Number and Deuteronomy. The Torah is considered to be given to Moses by the God and has been called as Towrat in the Quran. 

(2) Neviim (means Prophets): It is mainly in Hebrew but some parts are also in Aramaic and Greek. It has several books such as Book of Isaih, Joshua, Juedges, Samuel, Kings (they are called the Former Prophets), Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel (they are called the Latter Prophets), Jonah, Zechariah etc. (they are the 12 Minor Prophets).

(3) Ketuvim (means Writings): It is mainly in Hebrew but some parts are also in Greek. It has some Poetic Books such as Pslams, Proverbs, Jobs and some Scrolls such as Songs of Songs. It also includes various Other books and Chronicles such as Daniel, Ezra etc.

● Talmud (means Instructions, Learning) is the book of Jewish Religious Laws, Theology and Commentaries on it written in Hebrew and Aramaic by the Jewish Rabbis. It's a separate text from the Tanakh.

● The Dead Sea Scrolls are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts that were found on the northern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank and are considered almost 2000 years old.

● Injil (means Gospel, Good telling): The book given to Jesus has been called Injil in the Quran. The Bible  doesn't have a book named as Gospel of Jesus. Most of the Islamic scholars don't find the Injl in the Bible.  However, some say that it is indeed in the Bible, although in distorted form and some suggest that it is non other than the Gospel of Barnabas or the Gospel of Thomas which were found centuries later. Barnabas and Thomas were considered among the primary twelve apostles of Jesus.

● Zabur (means Inscription and Writing): As per Islam, the book given to David is called the Zabur. It is possibly the Book of Psalms which is also referred as Psalms, the Psalter and is the first book of the Ketuvim in the Bible.

● Suhufe (means Scrolls): They were given to Abraham and have been called as the Suhufe Ibrahim in the Quran which is translated as the Scrolls of Abraham. Some scholars suggest it to be the Sefer Yetzirah which have been extant, however, they have got some mentions in the Jewish literature.  Some suggest that it refers to the Testament of Abraham which is considered a pseudepigraphic text of the Old Testament.

 

● Zubure Awwaleen (meaning Earliest Scriptures): Since this name in the Quran suggests that they were multiple text and the oldest ones, it is believed that it refers to 4 Vedas.

● Zend Avesta: The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism (Parsi), composed in Avestan language. The principal text in this is called the Yasna and the Yasna texts have five most important Gathas. The Zend is the commentary on the Avesta and they both together are referred as the Zend Avesta. The Dasatir (derived from Dastur) is a secondary Zoroastrian mystic text.

◆ Facts: Bible is basically a book of history which inculdes some Books of God as well. The real Towrat is present in the Deuteronomy (5th Book) only. Since, the sermons of Jesus were scattered in and around at that time, they were collected after his departure and only 4 of them i.e. Matthew, Mark, Luke, John were accepted by the Christian Scholars. These 4 were inserted in the Bible and were called Gospels. Presently, these are available in Greek but Jesus delivered his sermons in Aramaic as it was the language of the masses during his times.  Later on his teaching were spread in Hebrew. Jesus was also well versed in Hebrew due to its religious importance.  He knew Greek as well to an extent and used it with non Judea people. Most of the passage of the New Testament were recorded primarily in Greek and some in Aramaic. Bible was then translated into Syrian and Latin then. The real Aramaic Bible is not available today. The 100% authentic Hebrew and Greek version of the Bible are also not available in the public domain. They claim to have Bibble with them in its original language i.e. Greek and Latin.

Aramaic is the mother of Syrian language.

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But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you shut the kingdom of heaven in people's faces. For you neither enter yourselves nor allow those who would enter to go in.
(Bible: Matthew 23:13 )

लेकिन ऐ फ़क़ीहो! मुनाफिक उलमा और फरीसियो, तुम पर अफ़सोस! तुम इंसानों के लिये बहिशत का दरवाज़ा बन्द करते हो। न तो ख़ुद ही उस में दाख़िल होते हो और न उस में दाख़िल होने वालों को दाख़िल होने देते हो।
(बाईबिल: मत्ती 23:13)

 

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Paul the Apostle (5–65 AD) was a Christian apostle. He was not one of the 12 Apostles and he did not know Jesus during his lifetime but he was a contemporary of Jesus and personally knew eyewitnesses of Jesus such as his closest disciples (Peter and John) and brother James since the mid 30s AD. The main source of information on Paul's life and works is the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament. According to the Acts, Paul lived as a Pharisee and participated in the persecution of early disciples of Jesus before his conversion. He made three missionary journeys to spread the Christian message to non-Jewish communities (Gentiles). He played a pivotal role in shaping what became mainstream Christianity, and many scholars argue that Paul, more than anyone else, shaped Christianity into a distinct religion, separate from Judaism. Paul argued that faith in Jesus, not adherence to Jewish law (like circumcision or dietary rules), was the path to salvation. This opened the door for Gentiles to convert without becoming Jews first. Much of what Christians today believe like original sin, salvation by faith, the Eucharist, etc. is rooted in Pauline theology, not the direct sayings of Jesus. 13-14 of the 27 books in the New Testament have traditionally been attributed to Paul. 7 of the Pauline epistles are undisputed by scholars as being authentic. Others are considered either pseudepigraphical or debated. Pauline authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews is almost universally rejected by scholars. The other are believed to have come from followers writing in his name, using material from Paul's letters.

 

Roman general and emperor Titus (39–81 AD led the Roman legions to besiege Jerusalem (70 AD). The Second Temple was destroyed. Much of Jerusalem was burned and demolished. Tens of thousands of Jews were killed or enslaved. Many captives were taken to Rome.

 

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हज़रत मसीह पर कुछ इल्ज़ाम लगा कर यहूद ने उन्हे सज़ा-ए-मौत का मुस्तहिक़ क़रार दिया!उन इल्ज़ामों मे से एक इल्ज़ाम यह था कि हज़रत मसीह ने असलाफ की रिवायात को तोङा है और बुज़ुर्गों की तौहीन की है! 

325 ई0 तक इन्जीलों की तादाद 34 तक पंहुच गई थी! हज़रत ईसा और उनके हवारियों की ज़बान आरामी (Aramaic) थी लेकिन हैरत है कि उन 34 इन्जीलों मे से सिवाए एक के सबकी सब यूनानी ज़बान मे लिखी गई थीं! उनके अलावा एक बङी तादाद उन ख़तों की थी जो हवारियों की तरफ मन्सूब किये जाते थे! उनकी तादाद क़रीब 113 थी! 325 ई0 मे बादशाह क़ुसतनतीन की निगरानी मे एक council मुनअक़िद हुई जिसमे ये तमाम लिट्रेचर सामने रखा गया और उसमे से सिर्फ चार इन्जीलों (मत्ता, मरक़स, लूक़ा, युहन्ना) और रसूलों के आमाल और पोलोस, याक़ूब, पतरस, युहन्ना, यहूदा के ख़त (पत्र) और मुकाशफाते युहन्ना को चुन लिया गया और बाक़ी इन्जीलों और पत्रों को ग़लत क़रार देकर रद्द कर दिया गया! ये जो कुछ चुना गया उसे एहद-नामा जदीद (new testament) कहा जाता है! आलमे ईसाईयत मे ये मुक़द्दस आसमानी किताबें समझी जाती हैं! 

चारों इन्जीलें हज़रत ईसा की जीवनीयां हैं, जिन्हे आपके हवारियों ने मुरत्तब किया! 
रसूलों के आमाल: आपके हवारियों के कारनामों का तज़किरा है! 
ख़ुतूत (पत्र/letters) वो हैं जो मुख़्तलिफ कलीसाओं और दूसरे लोगों के नाम तबलीग़ी तौर पर लिखे गए!
मुकाशफात : युहन्ना हवारी के मुकाशफे पर मुशतमिल है!

इन्जील मे हवारियों को रसूल और नबी कहा गया है!
(मज़ाहिबे आलम की आसमानी किताबें से माख़ूज़) 

 

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When the Jews were enslaved and Jerusalem was razed to the ground by Babylonians (6-5th cent. BC), the Torah (whatever it was) was no longer safe and got scattered. After this, the Torah was restored/re-arranged through Prophet Uzair (peace be upon him). 

 

यहूदी धर्म में सूअर का मांस मना है, नमाज़ का हुक्म हैं। उनके यहां रोज़ा, सदका और जानवर  हलाल करने के धार्मिक रीति-रिवाज़ भी हैं। 

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Vatican Bible: https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/_INDEX.HTM